Brainerd Chemical Plays Key Role in U.S. Formaldehyde Supply

The unique characteristics of formaldehyde chemistries provide the world with a vital chemical building block. Formaldehyde offers versatility, low cost, simplicity of use and good fixation traits that industries rely on to produce a vast array of goods. Companies like Brainerd Chemical play a role in keeping our economy strong by supplying high-quality formaldehyde. In fact, the American Chemistry Council reported that products based on formaldehyde technologies boost the U.S. economy by supporting 963,000 jobs and $553 billion in annual sales.

Best known as a preservative and antiseptic, formaldehyde is used to produce automotive parts, fertilizer, oil & gas, paper, plywood, semiconductors, textiles, as well as household products such as antiseptics, medicines, and cosmetics. It is used to protect animal health, improve agricultural production, and preserve food or other organics.

Formaldehyde Solutions at Brainerd Chemical Company

As one of the largest formaldehyde packagers in the United States, Brainerd Chemical is at the forefront of formaldehyde’s versatile role fueling the economy.  Our experts play a pivotal role helping to ensure consistent and safe supply across a wide variety of applications. And we are proud to be the only company in the United States with an EPA registration for formaldehyde utilized in the animal health sector.

Brainerd Chemical Company’s formaldehyde product portfolio offers comprehensive scope, while our strong in-house technical expertise enables us to tailor services and products to your specific needs. We provide custom-blends to your specific requirements as well as EPA Registered and Tech grades in standard concentrations of:

  • 37% Formaldehyde (EPA Registered)
  • 37% Formaldehyde with 7% methanol (Tech Grade)
  • 37% Formaldehyde with 11% methanol (Tech Grade)
  • 37% Formaldehyde with 12% methanol (Tech Grade)
  • 37% Formaldehyde with 13% methanol (Tech Grade)
  • 37% Formaldehyde with 14% methanol (Tech Grade)
  • 37% Formaldehyde with 15% methanol (Tech Grade)

Brainerd supplies formaldehyde in 1-gallon jugs, drums, totes or bulk tanker quantities distributed through our nimble hybrid distribution network.


Our customers report that Brainerd Chemical’s 3 greatest benefits are:

  • Outstanding service response times
  • Unparalleled product quality
  • Prompt and efficient lead times

Whether you are an established large-scale buyer or a market newcomer, our team’s service-driven approach ensures a complete, safe and consistent high-quality formaldehyde supply tailored to your specific needs.

Formaldehyde Facts

  • Humans Produce Formaldehyde. That’s right, the human body produces formaldehyde. Many people wrongly assume that formaldehyde is a synthetic compound when it’s actually an organic compound. Organic compounds are chemicals that occur naturally through processes like animal metabolism. People are exposed to naturally occurring formaldehyde daily. The average person processes about 1.5 ounces of formaldehyde each day as part of normal metabolism when consuming and digesting food. Formaldehyde is normally present in human blood at a low steady-state concentration of approximately 1 to 2 parts-per-million.
  • Formaldehyde Occurs Naturally in Produce. Trace amounts of formaldehyde form as a byproduct of normal metabolic processes. Characteristic aromas of fruits like bananas, apples, and tomatoes is intensified by the release of small amounts of formaldehyde as they ripen.
  • Formaldehyde Is One of the Most-Studied Chemicals. Scientists have been carefully studying formaldehyde and its effects on human health for over 40 years. All these years of research have shed light on how to safely handle formaldehyde, as well as how formaldehyde can impact your health. Although formaldehyde is an organic compound, you should still understand its risks and exposure limits because it’s a dangerous chemical. It’s best to consult professionals when doing anything that involves formaldehyde.
  • Formaldehyde contributes to a more sustainable future. Formaldehyde promotes renewable resources, high performance, and efficient use. The use of formaldehyde-based resins in wood panel and board products also enables the sustainable use of forest resources by improving the utilization rate of wood resources. Composite panels allow 95% of a tree to be used vs only 63% of a tree can be used for solid lumber. Composite wood panels are typically made from recovered wood waste that would otherwise be burned or disposed of in a landfill. Wood panel products can be carbon neutral based on greenhouse gas emissions

Formaldehyde is Essential

Thanks to the chemical reactions involving formaldehyde, we are able to enjoy higher-quality, more durable, and safer goods. It is an essential reactive intermediate vital to the production of thousands of products that we rely on everyday. Formaldehyde is also commonly used as a preservative in medical laboratories, mortuaries, and consumer products, including cosmetics.
Formaldehyde provides exceptionally high functionality in a resource-efficient way. Simply put, it is affordable. No other organic molecule is able to achieve the same results at the same cost. Resource-efficiency also means materials and energy are not wasted in its production.

Formaldehyde’s Many Uses

Whether it’s used in plywood for home construction, fuel system components for automobiles or door and window insulation for modern airliners, formaldehyde provides greater utility for consumers in the form of extended use, consistent quality and reliable performance and safety.

An incredibly versatile compound, Formaldehyde is used in aerospace, agricultural, animal health, automotive, building and construction, energy, healthcare, semiconductor, textile and many other industries. It is used as a pesticide, antimicrobial, disinfectant or biocide. 

It’s used in thousands of household products such as glues, permanent press fabrics, paints and coatings, lacquers and finishes, and paper products; Preservatives used in some medicines, cosmetics and other consumer products such as dishwashing liquids and fabric softeners; Fertilizers and pesticides; Building materials, insulation and composite wood products.

Urea-formaldehyde is a resin used in adhesives, finishes, particle board, MDF, and molded objects; melamine resin is a hard, thermosetting plastic used in high-pressure laminates; and Phenol formaldehyde resin are synthetic polymers used to make billiard balls and normal brake pads. Formaldehyde-based resins are also used int the textile industry to make fabrics crease-resistant. Automobile manufacture is full of formaldehyde-based materials, including components for the transmission, electrical system, engine block, door panels, axles and brake shoes.

In health care and food, formaldehyde is a key component of vaccines as it suspends the trace sample of a virus within the vaccine. This suspension prevents the virus from activating and getting us sick but allows our immune system to fight and become familiar with it so that our immune systems become stronger against it. Similarly, while it can’t suspend food, the same uses and benefits of formaldehyde are applied to lengthen the shelf life of food and cut back on the amount of waste accrued from food simply going bad.

Non-registered Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is a common precursor to more complex compounds and materials that are used in various industries. Applications include automobile component manufacturing, paints and explosives, pressed-wood products, glues and adhesives, paper product coatings, tissue specimen preservation, fluid embalming, and preservation of animal specimens for dissection.

EPA Registered Formaldehyde

In the animal health industries, formaldehyde is commonly used to disinfect (via fumigating, sprinklers, and spray sleds) poultry and swine confinement buildings, egg hatcheries, rooms, railway cars, mushroom houses, tools, and equipment. Brainerd Chemical Company is the only supplier of EPA registered formaldehyde for animal health in the United States. Formaldehyde kills most bacteria and fungi (including spores), which makes it a valuable packaged preservative in the food and beverage industry. It is also used to kill produced vaccines and is used as an antiseptic in medicine and as a disinfectant in funeral homes.

Aerospace

Chemicals and polymers derived from formaldehyde are used in aerospace because of their flame resistance, thermal protection, and impact resistance. Polyurethanes are used to make polyurethane foams that provide support and comfort in airplane seats. The cabin flooring and cargo liner are made from honeycomb material reinforced with phenolic resins which provide high impact resistance.

Agriculture & Animal Health

Across the agricultural industry, formaldehyde helps American families access safe meat, poultry, and aquaculture products. It helps protect livestock against diseases capable of causing catastrophic economic losses across the United States. Formaldehyde helps keep hooves free of fungus and disease, is used in animal feed manufacturing as an antimicrobial agent to keep feed or feed ingredients Salmonella negative for up to 21 days, and is used as a treatment for parasites and is one of the main disinfectants recommended for destroying anthrax. Brainerd Chemical Company is the only supplier of EPA registered formaldehyde for animal health in the United States.

Automotive

In the automotive industry, formaldehyde-based technologies are used to make interior molded and under-the-hood components that allow for higher fuel efficiency by reducing vehicle weight. It is also used in the production of highly durable exterior primers, clear coat paints, tire-cord adhesives, brake pads and fuel system components.

Building & Construction

Formaldehyde is used in the building and construction industry for a variety of industrial applications and materials that we rely on every day. For example, formaldehyde-based resins are used to manufacture composite and engineered wood products used in cabinetry, countertops, moldings, furniture, shelving, stair systems, flooring, wall sheathing, support beams and trusses and many other household applications.

Formaldehyde-based resins (industrial-type adhesives) are used as the binder system to glue wood chips and other materials together to make plywood, particleboard and fiberboard, sheathing and cladding, asphalt shingles, furniture and paneling, kitchen cabinets, molding and trim work, insulation and flooring systems, as well as paints and varnishes and numerous other applications for the housing industry. 

Energy Production

Formaldehyde is used to improve the yield petroleum and natural gas fuels. In muds, paraformaldehyde is added to protect against bacterial attack. The formaldehyde test determines the paraformaldehyde (bactericide) content of a drilling fluid by a P-alkalinity titration of a sulfite-oxidized mud filtrate.

Health & Hygiene

Many different chemical reaction products, or resins, are created from the chemistry of formaldehyde. These intermediate materials, in turn, are used to create other compounds having different properties. These unique chemistries can then be used as preservatives in personal care products because they kill bacteria, or to make other products more effective, such as the foaming action in soaps and detergents. Formaldehyde releasers are used as biocides in personal care products such as cosmetics These products can help improve hygiene and protect your health.

Science & Preservation

Formaldehyde has various applications in science and preservation including biological research, histological exams/microscopy, vaccine production, disinfection and sterilization, taxidermy, anatomical and forensic studies, funeral services, and the preservation of zoology and botany specimens in museums. 

Semiconductors

In semiconductor manufacturing, formaldehyde may be contained in leveling additives during electrolytic copper planting, chemical mechanical planarization slurry formulations, lithography formulations, and mold compounds used for plastics packages.

Safety

Formaldehyde is incredibly toxic to all animals (including humans) and is a known carcinogen. If ingested, even water solutions of formaldehyde are highly corrosive and can cause injury to the upper gastrointestinal tract. Exposure to formaldehyde through inhalation mainly occurs through the thermal or chemical decomposition of resins, emission from aqueous solutions, or the production of formaldehyde from the combustion of organic compounds (such as cigarette smoke). Exposure can cause irritation to skin, eyes, nose and throat, and high levels of exposure can cause some types of cancers.

Are there a safer alternatives to formaldehyde?

Few, if any, compounds can replace formaldehyde chemistry in creating high-quality resins without compromising quality and performance or making the final products significantly more expensive. Formaldehyde is an essential building block in a diverse range of goods, its end use is primarily in a converted form. That means that virtually all the formaldehyde is consumed in making the final product.

ABOUT BRAINERD CHEMICAL COMPANY

Brainerd Chemical Company is one of the largest independent providers of chemicals and related services in the United States. As a manufacturer and hybrid distributor with a strategic network of facilities located in Oklahoma, Illinois, North Carolina, Mississippi, and Delaware. Brainerd Chemical Companies’ dedicated team of engineers, chemists and skilled technicians are high-hazard chemistry specialists proudly leading the way in safe, responsible chemical manufacturing and supply. https://brainerdchemical.com

MEDIA INQUIERIES

1.918.622.1214

@Brainerd Chemical Company

SOURCE: Brainerd Chemical Company

Chemical Packaging and White-Label Services

Brainerd Chemical Company provides innovative packaging and white-label solutions that help customers accomplish their goals safely and sustainably.

Dealing with hard-to-handle acids, solvents or other industrial chemicals? With decades of experience and six strategically located facilities, Brainerd Chemical Company is recognized as the industry’s leading custom-packaging solution provider for hazardous and non-hazardous materials.

We offer custom packaging solutions at any scale. Customize labels to your specifications and blind ship. We tailor your labels to your specific requirements repackaging products from bulk chemicals down to smaller labeled containers—making the products ready for immediate use.

Our team harnesses extensive technical expertise and specialized capabilities that include:

  • White labeling
  • Blind shipping
  • Drop shipping
  • Glass, pail, drums, totes and bulk trailer
  • Warehousing

For more information about Brainerd Chemical Company packaging services, please visit www.brainerdchemical.com.

ABOUT BRAINERD CHEMICAL COMPANY

Brainerd Chemical Company, Inc., based in Tulsa, OK, is a premier provider of chemical products, blending, packaging, and transportation services and recognized as a top 100 U.S. Chemical distributor.

MEDIA INQUIRIES

1.918.622.1214

@Brainerd Chemical Company

SOURCE:  Brainerd Chemical Company, Inc.

Sustainable Water Treatment

Peracetic acid (PAA) is a powerful disinfectant with the potential to revolutionize water treatment. It is environmentally friendly, safer to handle and more cost-effective. Because of these benefits, PAA has rapidly become a preferred choice sanitizer, disinfectant, sterilant and bleach for a host of applications across a wide variety of industries. In this article, we will provide a deep-dive into what makes Peracetic Acid the smart choice – not just a viable alternative.

An Effective and Sustainable Solution

The chlorine compounds that industries have relied on for decades to accomplish disinfection and sanitation are wrought with significant drawbacks such as toxicity, corrosiveness, environmental harm and safety hazards. Chlorine is widely used because it is inexpensive and potent however, chlorine has the potential for forming carcinogenic and mutagenic disinfection by-products1 (DBPs).

Peracetic Acid is an eco-friendly alternative that addresses these concerns while providing equal or superior results. PAA boasts a unique chemistry that effectively targets bacteria and other contaminants, has no known DBP formations, rapidly reacts with pollutants, and breaks down into safe chemicals (acetic acid, oxygen and water).

Peracetic acid is an equilibrium mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide and water. PAA has the chemical formula CH3CO3H and is produced as an equilibrium solution as shown in Figure 1. Commercially available PAA such as the Terrastat® line of products from Brainerd Chemical Company, typically contains a stabilizer to increase storage life.

Figure 1: PAA Formula
Figure 1. PAA has the chemical formula CH3CO3H and is commercially available as an equilibrium solution.
Figure 1: PAA Formula
Figure 1. PAA has the chemical formula CH3CO3H and is commercially available as an equilibrium solution.
Figure 1: PAA Formula
Figure 1. PAA has the chemical formula CH3CO3H and is commercially available as an equilibrium solution.

Commercial preparation includes reacting acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst; specific grades of PAA are formulated by controlling the concentration and amounts of reagents during the manufacturing process.

With a half-life in the order of minutes, PAA typically degrades before entering waterways. The result is an effective disinfection, sanitation, and sterilization agent with minimal potential threat to aquatic environments or reduced water quality. Bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms or in sediments is highly unlikely because PAA has low octanol water partition coefficients (KOW) (0.3, 0.4, and 0.68, respectively) and low sediment adsorption coefficients2 and, PAA typically degrades before entering waterways because its half-life is in the order of minutes.

Extensive testing has shown that this powerful oxidant successfully passes fish toxicity testing and poses no harm to aquatic life. A study conducted by Davidson et al. (2019)3 discovered that PAA does not have any adverse effects on water quality or the performance metrics of rainbow trout, including growth, survival, and feed conversion ratio. To ensure the protection of aquatic ecosystems, the EPA recommends residual PAA concentration at the effluent discharge be below 1mg/1 which is commonly achieved when recommended application guidelines are followed.

Versatility That Goes Beyond Expectations

One of the biggest advantages of PAA is its versatility as a highly adaptable oxidizing that is effective in the order of minutes, is easy handle safely, offers a one-year shelf life when stored properly, it leaves no harmful residues and decomposes into harmless byproducts. In most applications, versus other alternatives, capital cost savings are immediate because retrofitting does not require additional equipment5.

Brainerd Chemical Company stands at the forefront as one of the leading producers of peracetic acid, offering a diverse range of top-tier products and comprehensive services from experienced professionals. With various peracetic acid concentrations, the Terrastat® line of products find extensive utility in chemical synthesis, bleaching, sanitization, disinfection, hygiene, and sterilization across numerous industries.

Safety Doesn’t Have to Be Compromised

Organizations often choose Peracetic Acid because it is equally or more effective without compromising safety.

Traditional disinfectants like chlorine compounds raise concerns about safety hazards to people and our environment. These corrosive substances can cause skin irritation, respiratory problems, and other health issues in people as well as disinfection by-products that wreak havoc on eco-systems.  However, Peracetic Acid (PAA) offers a safer, more secure, and environmentally friendly alternative throughout the entire chemical manufacturing process, from production and service to storage, handling, transportation, and disposal.

What sets PAA apart is its safety approvals from regulatory bodies such as the EPA and FDA. With low toxicity levels, PAA is safe for both workers and food products. Its use doesn’t leave any harmful residues, making it environmentally friendly.

When utilized for antimicrobial applications, PAA is typically diluted5 (ranging from 50 to 2,000 ppm in solution). It’s important to note that exposure to PAA in its diluted form as a vapor or mist may cause temporary eye, nose, throat, or respiratory irritation, but these symptoms usually subside once exposure ceases. To minimize any potential over-exposure, it is crucial to implement adequate containment, ventilation, and process controls, thereby reducing direct contact between workers and the vapor, mist, or droplets.

Water Management, Water and Wastewater Treatment

PAA is a game-changer for organizations seeking to mitigate bacterial and effluent wastewater impacts. Facilities are adopting PAA at an exponential rate because it provides more than just an eco-friendly and effective solution – PAA reduces operational headaches and minimizes compliance considerations.  

As described in the Alternative Disinfection Methods Fact Sheet: Peracetic Acid’, the need for an economical and relatively simple retrofit to an existing wastewater treatment facility is obvious because of concerns of formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Peracetic acid (PAA) is a viable alternative to halogenated disinfection chemicals (such as chlorine-based products).

Facilities choose Peracetic Acid because:

  • PAA is an effective disinfection compound that does not generate harmful DBPs; toxic residuals and mutagenic or carcinogenic compounds are absent after disinfection.
  • PAA is a more rapid acting disinfectant than chlorine-based disinfectants.
  • PAA can be economically retrofitted and/or work in series with an existing disinfection system.
  • PAA dissipates rapidly and does not generate harmful disinfectant by-products even if overdosed.
  • PAA allows for safer and easier handling, storage, and shipping.
  • Does not require expensive capital investment to implement.
  •  Does not require quenching (i.e., no dechlorination).
  • Eliminates the possibility of over feeding or under feeding Sodium Bisulfite making it easier to meet regulated discharge permits.
  • Normally does not require a Risk Management Plan (RMP).
  • Absence of persistent toxic or mutagenic residuals or by-products.
  • Small dependence on pH.
  • Requires short contact time (minutes vs hours).
  • Effective for primary and secondary effluents.
  • Effective under varying influent conditions.

PAA is federally approved for use in wastewater disinfection and is currently permitted in approximately 18 states, with several more states in the process of gaining approval. PAA is regulated under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide ACT (FIFRA, 7 U.S.C. Section 136)8.  North Carolina, New Jersey, Tennessee, West Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas all have current policies/permitting requirements for PAA usage.

PAA is more effective than Sodium Hypochlorite in wastewater management. It is a stronger oxidizer with oxidation potential higher than that of chlorine or chlorine dioxide9. Significantly shorter contact times (minutes vs hours) are required while using less product to accomplish the same job. And PAA is effective where UV treatment is ineffective in treating industrial wastewater.

Disinfection of wastewater effluents with peracetic acid has been shown to reduce levels of fecal contamination by 97%. The process of disinfection with peracetic acid is easier to manage than other more common methods and the tests performed confirm that from the bacteriological point of view good results can be obtained for urban effluents15.

PAA is proven effective and efficient in treating wastewater at scale for over a decade.  The first full scale commercial application of PAA occurred at the St. Augustine Wastewater Treatment Plant, Florida, in 201212 with other large municipalities following such as the Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati13 and the M.C. Stiles Wastewater Treatment Plant14 in Memphis, TN. Their success is paving the way for similar facilities eager to take advantage of all the benefits Peracetic Acid offers.

Broad Application Potential

Industries benefiting from peracetic acid solutions are not limited to municipal and industrial wastewater treatment facilities. PAA benefits food and beverage processing (think fruit and vegetable processing, poultry processing), pharmaceutical manufacturing, environmental remediation, industrial sanitization as well as oil and gas production.

As a broad-spectrum biocide with fast reaction time that leaves no harmful by-products Peracetic Acid is effectively being used as a disinfectant and sterilant in aquaculture, food, oil and gas water treatment, medical, and pharmaceutical industries. Its potency against viruses and bacteria has earned it a reputation as one of the most versatile disinfectants, and as a result, it has become a preferred choice in these industries.

EPA regulation establishes an exemption from the requirement of a tolerance for residues of peroxyacetic acid6, in or on all raw and processed food commodities when used in sanitizing solutions containing a diluted end-use concentration of peroxyacetic acid up to 500 ppm, and applied to tableware, utensils, dishes, pipelines, tanks, vats, fillers, evaporators, pasteurizers, aseptic equipment, milking equipment, and other food processing equipment in food handling establishments including, but not limited to dairies, dairy barns, restaurants, food service operations, breweries, wineries, and beverage and food processing plants. This regulation eliminates the need to establish a maximum permissible level for residues of peroxyacetic acid.

Safer Water Treatment for People and Our Planet

Peracetic acid is recognized as a potent force multiplier that facilitates thorough water treatment and supports a more sustainable future. Compared to traditional chemical treatments, PAA is safe, effective and offers low corrosive qualities while being easy to handle, store, and apply. PAA is a fast-acting disinfectant7. It offers effectiveness, low toxicity, and high biodegradability. This makes PAA versatile delivering powerful performance, minimizing environmental damage, ensuring safety, and reducing the overall cost.

Peracetic acid is making remarkable waves, giving water treatment facilities sustainable and efficient cleaning methods that cater to many different industries. Its versatility, eco-friendliness, and thoroughness have made it the preferred choice for a growing number of plant & facility managers, food, oil and gas producers, and municipalities. By accomplishing tasks faster and reducing operating costs, PAA empowers organizations to achieve more while promoting environmental sustainability that safeguards the planet for all of us.

ABOUT BRAINERD CHEMICAL COMPANY: 

Brainerd Chemical Companies dedicated team of engineers, chemists and skilled technicians proudly serve as an industry leader in the manufacturing and supply of peracetic acid. Our expertise in oxygenation and oxidative chemistry sets us apart, enabling us to deliver exceptional solutions through an extensive range of peracetic acid products registered as sanitizers, disinfectants, and antimicrobial agents through the EPA, FDA, and USDA.

Brainerd Chemical Company offers specialty PAA blends under the following tradenames: Terrastat® 15, Terrastat® 15-S, Terrastat® 15-OF, Terrastat® 5-S, Terrastat® 22 and Terrastat® 22-S.

Brainerd Chemical safely manufactures, blends, packages, and distributes custom industrial chemical products and services.

Media Inquiries

1+ 918.622.1214

Brainerd Chemical Company

SOURCE: Brainerd Chemical Company

Citations

  1. Goveas et al. 2010. Bench-Scale Evaluation of Peracetic Acid and Twin Oxide™ as Disinfectants in Drinking Water, US EPA
  2. Bell, Kati and Wylie, Varsha. 2016. The Age of Peracetic Acid –A Solution to Increasingly Challenging Regulations, Water Online.
  3. Davidson et al. 2019. Evaluating the effects of prolonged peracetic acid dosing on water quality and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus performance in recirculation aquaculture systems, Aquacultural Engineering.
  4. Pileggi et al. 2022. Side-Stream Comparison of Peracetic Acid and Chlorine as Hypochlorite for Disinfection of Municipal Wastewater Effluent at a Full-Scale Treatment Facility, Ontario, Canada. ACS EST Engg.
  5. Health Hazard Information Sheet Peroxyacetic Acid (PAA), FSIS ESHG-Health-03.00
  6. U.S. EPA 2000. Peroxyacetic Acid; Exemption From the Requirement of a Tolerance
  7. U.S. EPA 2012. Alternative Disinfection Methods Fact Sheet: Peracetic Acid
  8. FIFRA, 7 U.S.C. Section 136
  9. USDA 2020. Peracetic Acid Processing.
  10. Bai et al. 2023. Enhanced inactivation of Escherichia coli by ultrasound combined with peracetic acid during water disinfection, Chemosphere.
  11. Stampi et al. 2001. Evaluation of the efficiency of peracetic acid in the disinfection of sewage effluents, Journal of Applied Microbiology.
  12. Graham and Skipp. 2015 Peracetic acid replaces chlorine at Florida wastewater treatment plant, The Municipal.
  13. Garg et al. 2019. Wastewater Disinfection with Peracetic Acid (PAA) and UV Combination: A Pilot Study at Muddy Creek Plant [Cincinnati, OH], EPA/600/R19/084
  14. Bettenhausen. 2020. How peracetic acid is changing wastewater treatment Chemical and Engineering News.
  15. Ryther and Champion. 2013. Peracetic acid gains traction as a multifaceted water management tool.
  16. Au, K and Dunkley, Barry. 2016 Peracetic Acid to Replace Gaseous Chlorine for Wastewater Disinfection: From Bench Scale Testing to Pilot Demonstration. Water Environment Federation pg. 319-330.
  17. FIFRA, 7 U.S.C. Section 136
  18. NSF Approval Letter Peracetic Acid 15%
  19. OSHA Chemical Database PAA
  20. NIH compound summary
  21. The Water Resource Foundation. 2019. Application of Peracetic Acid for Municipal Wastewater Processes (PROJECT NO.LIFT14T16/4805)
  22. Water Environment Federation. 2020. Peracetic Acid Disinfection: Implementation Considerations for Water Resource Recovery Facilities, Access Water.